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Among vaccinated post-pubertal women, oophoritis and mastitis are reported in 1% or fewer of mumps patients. In the prevaccine era, oophoritis and mastitis had been reported in 7% and 30%, respectively, of post-pubertal women with mumps. While there is a theoretical risk for sterility based on the pathogenesis of the disease, no study has demonstrated a risk for sterility in men with mumps orchitis compared to those without mumps orchitis. About half of patients with mumps orchitis develop testicular atrophy of the affected testis. Pain and swelling may subside in 1 week, but tenderness may last for multiple weeks. With mumps-associated orchitis, there is usually abrupt onset of testicular swelling, tenderness, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Orchitis is the most common complication in post-pubertal males, occurring in approximately 30% of unvaccinated and 6% of vaccinated post-pubertal males. Vaccinated persons are less likely to have mumps complications than unvaccinated persons. Complications associated with mumps infection are usually more common among adults than children.
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Nephritis, myocarditis and other sequelae, including paralysis, seizures, cranial nerve palsies, and hydrocephalus, in mumps patients have also been reported but are rare. Meningitis, encephalitis, pancreatitis, and hearing loss 1% or less among infected persons in the postvaccine eraĬomplications of mumps occur with or without parotitis or other salivary gland swelling and generally include orchitis, oophoritis, mastitis, pancreatitis, hearing loss, meningitis, and encephalitis.Less likely in vaccinated persons compared to unvaccinated persons.Orchitis, oophoritis, mastitis, pancreatitis, hearing loss, meningitis, and encephalitis.Cases of mumps reinfection have been reported. Mumps virus is the only infectious agent known to cause epidemic parotitis. The frequency of asymptomatic infection in vaccinated persons is unknown, but mumps is generally milder among vaccinated persons. Before the introduction of the mumps vaccine, approximately 15% to 24% of infections were asymptomatic. Mumps infection may present only with nonspecific or primarily respiratory symptoms or may be a subclinical infection. Emergence of contralateral or same side parotitis within weeks to months after apparent recovery has been described. Parotitis may first be noted as earache and tenderness on palpation of the angle of the jaw. Parotitis may be unilateral or bilateral, and swelling of any combination of single or multiple salivary glands may be present. Mumps typically presents as parotitis (i.e., swelling of the parotid gland) or other salivary gland swelling lasting about 5 days. The prodromal symptoms are nonspecific and include myalgia, anorexia, malaise, headache, and low-grade fever. The incubation period of mumps is usually 16 to 18 days but can range from 12 to 25 days. May presents with respiratory symptoms or be subclinical.Nonspecific prodrome of myalgia, malaise, headache, low-grade fever.
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Incubation period usually 16 to 18 days (range, 12 to 25 days).However, starting in 2006, there has been an increase in mumps cases and outbreaks, particularly in close-contact settings, with many occurring among fully vaccinated persons. A successful 2-dose vaccination program in the United States led to a greater than 99% reduction in the number of mumps cases reported annually. In 2005, a combination measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV) vaccine was licensed.ĭuring World War I, only influenza and gonorrhea were more common than mumps as causes of hospitalization among soldiers. In 1971, mumps vaccine was licensed in the United States as a combined measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Mumps was one of the most common causes of aseptic meningitis and sensorineural hearing loss in childhood in the United States until the introduction of a vaccine in 1967. This agent was shown to be a virus in 1935.
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In 1934, Claud Johnson and Ernest Goodpasture showed that mumps could be transmitted from infected patients to rhesus monkeys and demonstrated that mumps was caused by a filterable agent present in saliva. Parotitis and orchitis were described by Hippocrates in the 5th century BCE.